Brazilian Journal of Population Studies

Spousal age difference by education in Latin America. The case of Bolivia, Ecuador and Uruguay

2023-08-16T11:35:42-03:00

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between education and the age gap between spouses in heterosexual unions. The study also examines how this association has changed over time in different cohorts, especially among women, in the context of educational expansion in Latin America. The research used the data collected from census rounds conducted between 1970 and 2010 in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. The sample included men and women aged between 25 to 29. The findings reveal that there was no significant decrease in the age difference throughout the cohorts for both men and women. However, a negative relationship was observed between the spousal age difference and educational level in women. On the other hand, men showed greater heterogeneity between countries.

Nota dos editores

2023-12-18T12:27:12-03:00

Socioeconomic and ethnic-racial inequalities in childhood mortality in Mexico: how much does skin color matter?

2022-10-22T09:32:48-03:00

The aim of this work is to analyze the impact of socio-economic and ethnic-racial characteristics in the likelihood of the death of a child before their fifth birthday. Using data from the Survey of Social Mobility in México ESRU-EMOVI 2017 of the Epinosa Yglesis Center for Studies, our results suggest that women with darker skin tone are 2.82 (1.39, 5.74) times more likely to have lost a child before their fifth birthday than women with white skin tone. These are the results after controlling for different birth cohorts, sociodemographic, territorial and socio-economic characteristics. In a counterfactual scenario, the probability of losing a child is explained by ethnic-racial characteristics up to 28.7%, and by socio-economic characteristics up to 58.5%. The loss of a child is a demographic event unequally distributed in the population, and determined not only by socio-economic characteristics, but also by ethnic and racial characteristics. The idea of miscegenation that proposes racial equality in the population in Mexico proves inaccurate and prevents the saving of lives.

Violence reported by asylum seekers assisted by the Archdiocesan Caritas of Rio de Janeiro from 2010 to 2017

2022-11-09T21:05:49-03:00

TCurrently, the world has 89.3 million forcibly displaced people, including 27.1 million refugees. Among the reasons for displacement are torture and other forms of violence, but the real prevalence of violence before and during migration is poorly reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of reported violence among asylum seekers in Rio de Janeiro and its associated factors. We collected secondary data from individuals who filled out the National Committee for Refugees’ asylum application forms from 2010 to 2017 and responded to the social interview at Cáritas-RJ. We included 1,546 asylum seekers with a mean age of 30 (range 15-72), 65% of whom were men. One third reported experiencing violence before arriving in Brazil. Chances of experiencing violence were 20 to 40 times higher among refugees arriving from Pakistan, Congo, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Guinea. Physical violence/torture and psychological threats were the most frequent forms (10%, 7% and 6% of the population, respectively). Among women, sexual violence was the most frequent form of violence (9% of women). We conclude that asylum seekers in Brazil frequently suffered violence before their arrival, particularly some groups. This needs to be addressed when providing services to this extremely vulnerable population.

Mortality of women of fertile age between 2006 and 2019: causes and trends

2022-11-19T15:05:00-03:00

The aim of this study is to analyze the trend of the main causes of death of women of reproductive age (WRA) in Brazil by age group from 2006 to 2019. Data used are from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of Brazil. The main causes of death of WRA (10 to 49 years) were divided by chapters as per the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Subsequently, a temporal trend analysis was performed using polynomial regression models for the main causes of death in WRA. In Brazil, the highest mortality rates by cause by 100,000 WRA occurred due to: neoplasms (25.34), diseases of the circulatory system (20.15), external causes (18.69), infectious and parasitic diseases (8.79) and respiratory system diseases (6.37). For the analyzed period, after standardization, the mortality rate due to diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and infectious and parasitic conditions showed a decreasing trend, with a significant drop of 26.6% for diseases of the circulatory system; while external causes and neoplasms showed an increasing trend from 2006 to 2012 and decreasing from 2013 onwards. Identifying the main causes of death of WRA in each age group is required to guide the planning of actions to optimize resources and obtain better results in women’s health.

Eating behavior of Brazilian adults according to workforce position

2022-11-22T09:00:57-03:00

Objective: To evaluate eating habits of the adult population in Brazil according to workforce status. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from 63,782 adults (18-59 years old) participating in the National Health Interview Survey, PNS 2019. Workforce status - employed, unemployed or not part of the workforce - was related to markers of healthy and unhealthy food intake. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Of Brazilian adults, 71.3% were employed, 6.7% were unemployed and 21.9% were outside the workforce. Employed adults showed a higher frequency of fruit, vegetable and red meat intake, and a lower frequency of beans consumption. The consumption of chicken, fruit drinks, cereals, eggs, margarine and ready-made/semi-ready meals was more frequent among the unemployed versus the employed, while fish and root vegetables were less frequently consumed. Adults outside the workforce, compared to the employed, showed a lower frequency of consumption of soft drinks, sausages, packaged bread, oilseeds, as well as the habit of replacing lunch for snacks. Conclusion: Discrepancies in diet were observed according to working condition, especially in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and beans, denoting the need for initiatives to promote adequate and healthy eating habits to improve workers’ health.

Building social networks in the destination country: experiences of Venezuelans, Colombians and Spaniards in a medium-sized city in Chile

2022-11-08T20:09:38-03:00

This article analyzes international immigrants’ construction of social networks in the country of destination, and the characteristics of these networks according to the country of origin. The case of three groups residing in Chile is studied through a qualitative methodological design based on semi-structured interviews, examined by means of narrative analysis. Results show that those who adapt more easily and quickly to the place of destination tend to establish networks with weak ties. Conversely, those who have more difficulties in adapting to the place of destination, or do so only partially, tend to establish closed, tightly-knit cultural networks.

Who counts? The health metric narratives of venezuelan migrants on the Colombian border

2023-01-30T20:35:00-03:00

Colombia has been a destination country of Venezuelan migration originated by the socio-political situation of the neighboring country. One of the needs to respond to this crisis is the collection of data to make visible and monitor the health conditions of this population. Based on a qualitative study centered on interviews and ethnographic observation, the article focuses on characterizing the different inclusion and exclusion dynamics in the production of health data of the migrant population in Cúcuta, a Colombian-Venezuelan border territory. Based on the narratives of various actors who work directly at the territorial level in the collection, analysis and use of health data of the migrant population, the article problematizes the construction of the category of “migrant” within the metrics, revealing what is visible and what is ignored in the socio-technical process behind the construction of these data.

Better alone? The impact of living arrangements on mortality of Costa Rican older adults

2023-01-12T20:50:17-03:00

Previous research has shown differentiated effects of living arrangement types on mortality. However, little is known about this phenomenon in Latin America and its multigenerational households. This study measures the relationship between older adults’ living arrangement types and subsequent mortality. Gompertz event history models were performed to estimate mortality differences across living arrangements. We used the Costa Rica Longevity and Aging Study (CRELES) pre-1945 cohort in the 2005, 2007, and 2009 waves. The results show that older adults who live with a partner have the highest survival rates among the categories tested. When controlling for sex and age in the model, the effect of living alone is not different from partnered living. When controlling for socioeconomic and health factors as well, older adults living with their children or others show an increased risk of death by at least 40% (p-value<0.05). The study demonstrates an association between living arrangements and older adult mortality in Costa Rica. Results show that the highest survival chances rely on being partnered and suggest that support exchanges with other family members are not equally effective. Including this variable type in mortality studies is crucial to better understanding how household conditions relate to health and mortality outcomes.

Gap in math by gender. Case: university students from Colombia

2023-02-10T16:29:42-03:00

The paper analyzes the gender gap in mathematics (quantitative reasoning) among Colombian university students, based on the results of the State higher education exit tests Saber Pro, 2018; including the regional factor. Based on a quantile modeling and a Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition, the study identifies the existence and persistence of a gender gap in the evaluated area and differences between the Andean and Caribbean regions. The most remarkable points include: favouring men; importance of educational and institutional characteristics; importance of secondary mathematics (accounting for about 25% of the differential); widening of the gap in the highest quartiles; and regional heterogeneity of the gap, widened by gender-region interaction.

Social structure and dynamics of violence: social determinants of intentional homicides in Brazilian micro-regions

2023-03-03T16:36:35-03:00

Macrosociological theories of criminal violence predict that the rate of violent crimes, especially intentional homicide, increases in response to social structures and processes that strengthen violent motivations or weaken social controls on violence. To test these hypotheses, we used several bivariate and multivariate regression models with panel data and variables constructed with demographic and mortality data, according to theoretical relevance, to verify whether the use of psychoactive substances, access to firearms, sociodemographic structures (population growth and density and proportion of young men), and the prevalence of socioeconomic exclusion increased the rate of intentional homicides in Brazilian microregions between 1996 and 2019. Most of the results significantly support the hypotheses. But the most powerful factor was the previous year’s homicide rate. This reveals an endogenous feedback tendency of violence in the short and medium terms, which can lead to the accumulation of the effects of the structural factors of intentional homicides.

A study on social contact rates relevant for the spread of infectious diseases in a Brazilian slum

2023-03-13T11:09:21-03:00

Inspired by the POLYMOD study, an epidemiological survey was conducted in June 2021 in one of the most densely populated and socially vulnerable sectors of Belo Horizonte (Brazil). A sample of 1000 individuals allowed us to identify, within a 24-hour period, the rates of social contacts by age groups, the size and frequency of clique in which respondents participated, as well as other associated sociodemographic factors (number of household residents, location of contact, use of public transportation, among others). Data were analyzed in two phases. In the first one, results between two SIR models that simulated an eight-day pandemic process were compared. One included parameters adjusted from observed contact rates, the other operated with parameters adjusted from projected rates for Brazil. In the second phase, by means of a log-lin regression, we modeled the main social determinants of contact rates, using clique density as a proxy variable. The data analysis showed that family size, age, and social circles are the main covariates influencing the formation of cliques. It also demonstrated that compartmentalized epidemiological models, combined with social contact rates, have a better capacity to describe the epidemiological dynamics, providing a better basis for mitigation and control measures for diseases that cause acute respiratory syndromes.

Food insecurity through the voice of adolescents participating in the Bolsa Família Program

2023-04-26T00:58:57-03:00

Objective: To understand the perception of adolescents, participants of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), about Food Insecurity (FI). Methods: This is a study with a qualitative approach. The corpus consists of interviews with 10 adolescents and their caregivers. Results were analyzed using Content Analysis (CA) technique. Results: Four categories were established: “Hunger is not just the desire to eat”, “The ghost of hunger”, “One for all and all for one”, and “Are we safe?”. Overall, adolescents perceive the amount and variety of food changes throughout the month and that access to meat and fruits is difficult. The concern with the possibility of running out of food permeates the interviewees’ statements and intensifies among those who experienced hunger during childhood. As a result, many statements reveal the strategies developed by adolescents to alleviate FI for themselves and their families. However, statements also points to the fact that caregivers do not consider their children are truly concerned with the possibility of running out of food at home. Conclusion: Adolescents perceive food insecurity in the home and are able to respond autonomously to the situation.

Nutritional status and factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among schoolchildren from public and private elementary schools in Maceio, Alagoas

2023-04-17T16:08:52-03:00

The objective was to classify the nutritional status and investigate the factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among students from public and private elementary schools in Maceio. This is a cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 1510 students (9.8 ± 0.5 years) from public (n=931) and private (n=579) schools. Socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric and dietary data were obtained. Nutritional status was defined by anthropometry according to WHO criteria. Obesity was defined as BMI-for-age >2 z. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective 95% CI, calculated by Poisson regression. Only 1.2% of those investigated had stunting. The prevalence of obesity was higher among students from the private network (22.1% vs. 10.3%; PR=2.14; 95%CI=1.66; 2.76). In the crude analysis, obesity was associated with lower number of residents at home, buying snacks at school canteens, not being a user of government assistance programs, greater consumption of unhealthy foods and attending a private school. In the adjusted analysis, only this last variable remained associated (p<0.05), possibly due to the fact that most of the other predictors occurred more frequently in the context of private establishments. Obesity is the main nutritional disorder found among elementary school students in Maceio, a condition that is independently associated with attending a private school.

The objective was to classify the nutritional status investigate the factors associated with the prevalence of obesity among students from public and private elementary schools in Maceió. This is a cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 1510 students (9.8 ± 0.5 years) from public (n=931) and private (n=579) schools. Socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric and dietary data were obtained. Nutritional status was defined by anthropometry according to WHO criteria. Obesity was defined as BMI-for-age >2 z. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio (PR) and respective 95%CI, calculated by Poisson regression. Only 1.2% of those investigated had stunting. The prevalence of obesity was higher among students from the private network (22.1% vs. 10.3%; PR=2.14; 95%CI=1.66; 2.76). In the crude analysis, obesity was associated with a lower number of residents at home, buying snacks in the school canteen, not be a user of government assistance programs, greater consumption of unhealthy foods and belonging to a private school. In the adjusted analysis, only this last variable remained associated (p<0.05), possibly due to the fact that most of the other predictors occurred more frequently in the context of private establishments. Obesity is the main nutritional disorder found among elementary school students in Maceió, a condition that is independently associated with the fact that they belong to a private school.

Domestic work and migration in the United States: a characterization of Honduran women

2023-05-15T13:27:15-03:00

Given the lack of studies focused on Honduran domestic workers abroad, this article aims to characterize Honduran women living in the U.S. employed in domestic occupations. For this purpose, I employed survey data on women living in five American states, and calculated descriptive and inferential statistics. Furthermore, I employed binary logistic regression modeling to analyze the determinants of domestic work participation. When compared with all other occupations, domestic female workers of Honduran origin present significant differences in age, number of dependents, asset ownership, savings, income, and bank account ownership. Similarly, age (95% CI 0.92-2.63, p = 0.94), savings (95% CI 0.01-0.97, p = 0.047), account ownership in Honduras (95% CI 0.88-71.05, p = 0.064), monthly income (95% CI 0.99-1.00, p = 0.096), and social security (95% CI 0.02-1.29, p = 0.086) seem to be the key determinants explaining domestic work participation. Engaging and promoting compliance with international legal instruments might provide a means to consolidate the rights of these populations. The article concludes by highlighting future lines of research regarding the migration and rights of Honduras and Central American women living in the U.S.

Regional inequalities in mortality in Brazil: contributions of age and cause of death to changes in life expectancy and lifespan variation between 2008 and 2018

2023-05-20T00:56:16-03:00

Brazil is a country marked by substantial socioeconomic inequality among regions, which translates into regional differentials in mortality. For better monitoring these differentials, it is important to analyze not only population average mortality levels, but also the age at death variation. This article analyzes cause-of-death contributions to changes in life expectancy and age-at-death variation in Brazil and its regions between 2008 and 2018. Our results suggest an increase in regional inequalities in life expectancy over the decade. However, regional differences in age-at-death variation remained nearly constant. Changes in mortality by cause impact the age-at-death variation differently in each region: the reduction in mortality from external causes substantially contributed to decreasing the variation in age at death in the South and Southeast regions, whereas the contribution of deaths from conditions originating in the perinatal period was substantive only in the Northeast region. Finally, we reaffirm the importance of age-at-death dispersion indicators to have a broader view of Brazil’s regional differentials in mortality.

Comparative analysis of vulnerability ratings for g100 municipalities

2023-05-30T12:06:49-03:00

In 2009, the Frente Nacional de Prefeitos (FNP) named a group of municipalities with more than 80,000 inhabitants, low levels of public revenue per capita and high socioeconomic vulnerability g100. This study sought to describe the g100 from the comparative position according to three measures of socioeconomic vulnerability applied to municipalities with more than 80,000 inhabitants, and to discuss the pertinence of using the FNP proposal as a suggestion for prioritization in social policies. Comparing the list of the first 100 g100 municipalities with the indices: Municipal Human Development Index (HDIM), Social Vulnerability Index (IVS) and Brazilian Deprivation Index (IBP), we identified 25 municipalities classified as g100 that were not classified among the top 100 in the other indices; but 46 g100 counties were among the most considered in all three measures. The need for broad debate and consensus on measures of socioeconomic vulnerability used in the planning and execution of public policies is discussed. This reflection is based on the belief that public actions and policies are intrinsically implemented to guarantee greater geographic and allocative equity in order to respond to the demands of the population.

The impact of mortality from external causes on life expectancy in the oil-producing municipalities in the Campos Basin/RJ

2023-07-18T20:00:25-03:00

The growth of mortality due to external causes in Brazil has become a concern among researchers and public policy makers in recent years. In the municipalities that produce oil in the Campos Basin, although much is known about migration patterns in this region, considered a relevant aspect of Brazilian urbanization, information on other components of demographic dynamics is still scarce. This study expands the discussion on health disparities in the region by investigating the impact of mortality due to external causes on life expectancy of the population between 2010-2014 and 2015-2019. Using death data and population estimates, we constructed multiple decrement tables to assess the gain in life expectancy if mortality due to external causes were excluded from the risk of death and how these gains differ between men and women. We also evaluated different scenarios reducing mortality due to homicides and traffic accidents, the two main causes of death in the external causes group. The results reveal substantial average gains in life expectancy for both sexes, especially for men. The simulations performed showed that reducing mortality due to traffic accidents and homicides can bring important gains to the population, highlighting the importance of investing in public policies that combat external causes of mortality in a region marked by social and economic inequalities.

Racial and economic segregation in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of socioeconomic and socio-spatial inequalities

2023-04-29T21:54:05-03:00

This article aims to analyze residential segregation by race (racial segregation) and income (economic segregation) in Brazil and explore its relationship with socioeconomic and socio-spatial factors. Residential segregation was assessed using the dissimilarity index based on the 2010 demographic census and considering urban census tracts since segregation is sociologically considered an urban problem. The results for racial segregation showed that it is more evident in cities in the South and Southeast of Brazil and mainly affects the self-declared black population. The approach used to calculate economic segregation involved examining the income level of different low-income groups. Therefore, we consider families that earned between 0 and 1 minimum wage as the group with the greatest social vulnerability. We did not find significant correlations between racial and income segregation indices with aspects such as urbanization (urban population size). Finally, we present the racial segregation indices stratifying families by income thresholds for the 27 Brazilian capitals and conclude that per capita household income is a preponderant factor for the segregation of the poorest, especially in families whose residents self-identify as black.

Excess of deaths classified with garbage codes in the COVID-19 pandemic

2023-06-04T16:27:02-03:00

In the disaster scenario witnessed during the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the act of defining the underlying cause of a death was no trivial matter and the increased use of Garbage Codes (poorly defined or not very specific codes) raises concerns regarding the quality of the information on causes of death in the states of Brazil. There was a significant increase in the number of deaths during the pandemic in the state of Paraíba, located in the Northeast region of Brazil, a situation similar to the national context. There were 31,107 deaths in 2020 in Paraíba, while an average of 27,000 deaths were identified for the period 2015 to 2019. Our goal was to identify and measure the excess of deaths classified with Garbage Codes in the COVID-19 pandemic in the geographic space of the state of Paraíba in 2020. The time series of deaths were obtained from the Mortality Monitoring Panel for Unspecific or Incomplete Basic Causes (Garbage Codes) of the Ministry of Health, for all months of the years 2015 to 2020. Projections of total deaths and deaths by Garbage Codes (GC) were calculated. The calculation of the excess proportion of deaths classified by Garbage Codes in the state of Paraíba resulted in 8.58%, highlighting the month of June 2020, which reached the maximum value equal to 19.42%. We expect to contribute to advance knowledge regarding the current reality of quality information on death notifications in an area of the country that seeks to make progress in this direction and to highlight the need for research in other locations in Brazil.

Mapping socioeconomic disparities in urban health: a comparative study of six Brazilian capitals

2023-08-28T16:33:52-03:00

A city is a way of living, thinking, and feeling. The urban lifestyle can produce ideas, behaviors, values, and knowledge. Still, it can also intensify socioeconomic and health disparities in the population. This article examines urban health disparities in six Brazilian capitals: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, and Manaus. To quantify and map intra-urban disparities in these spaces, data from the 2010 Demographic Census are used to apply the Urban Health Index, a metric that synthesizes eight different socio-economic and sanitation variables disaggregated by census tracts. The results are discussed in light of three theoretical perspectives: center-periphery differentiation, the economic approach to health, and social epidemiology. The findings of this study reveal that census tracts covering populations with higher socio-economic status and better sanitation conditions exhibited higher urban health index scores than those in the city’s periphery. Results indicate better urban health indicators for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, compared to the other capitals analyzed. However, there are important nuances in each of the six cities, especially when assigning different weights to the variables that compose the Urban Health Index, despite the marked spatial segregation common to all. Considering distinctions within urban space is a fundamental strategy to understand these social and economic aspects and their potential implications for population health conditions.

Illegitimacy in the transition between the Empire and the Republic: the case of the state of São Paulo (1886-1900)

2023-07-13T15:19:52-03:00

In Brazil, the study of the condition of legitimacy (affiliation) is a topic that has been studied by the specialized literature, both in the field of History and in that of Historical Demography, especially from the 1980s onwards. The objective of this article is to contribute to the advancement of the debate on illegitimacy, mapping the incidence and the spatial distribution of the phenomenon in the state of São Paulo, at the end of the 19th century, from a different perspective of previous studies, especially in relation to the considered period and the used sources. Thus, data on affiliation in the São Paulo population were analysed from the General Censuses of the Brazilian Population, carried out in 1890 and 1900, in addition to other statistical sources produced for the state of São Paulo. The results point to a different picture in relation to the various zones that make up the state of São Paulo and, although the sources are different, the results corroborate the fundamental role of international immigration, because in the areas where it was more intense, there was a decrease in the percentages of illegitimacy.

BR-EMS 2021 life table for the Brazilian insured population

2023-07-01T17:19:35-03:00

This article presents the Brazilian private insurance market’s actuarial life tables, BR- EMS 2021. Using Bayesian inference on the parameters of the Heligman- Pollard law of mortality and data from 23 insurance groups over 15 years, totaling 3.5 billion registers, the data were corrected through a two hidden-layer neural network. The resulting tables show that the insured population exhibits lower mortality rates than the general Brazilian population, even lower than the national populations of well-developed countries such as the USA. Moreover, besides the expected gender gap in mortality rates, there is a clear distance between the death and survivorship insurance coverage groups. Likewise, the insured population characteristics mitigate well-known regional structural discrepancies in the Brazilian population, indicating that being part of the selected population of insured individuals is thus associated with a more effective protection against death than other outstanding factors such as geographic region of residence.

The impact of water and sewer privatization on tariffs and access in Brazil

2023-08-08T17:31:56-03:00

This paper aims to verify the impact of water and sewer services privatization on access and the tariffs charged for them. This paper is relevant mainly due to the sector’s recent legal changes that resulted in Law n. 14.026/2020 and the need to universalize sanitation services in Brazil. The differences-in-differences method was employed to estimate the impact, using data from 3.536 Brazilian municipalities extracted from SNIS, the Brazilian National Sanitation Information System, for the years 1998-2019. The results show private sector operators’ positive and statistically significant impact (compared to their public peers) on water and sewage services - including sewer treatment. Also, it detected a positive and statistically significant effect on the tariffs charged for those services once privatization occurs, compared to the prices charged by public sector operators.

Exploring cross-country heterogeneity in the relation between female labor force participation and fertility in Latin America

2023-08-21T22:16:25-03:00

In Latin America, despite an apparent convergence on the relation between female labor force participation (FLFP) and total fertility rates (TFR), there are differences between and within countries that must be considered. This paper aimed to understand the heterogeneity in the relation between the FLFP rate and the TFR in Latin American from 1990 to 2018 in order to identify cross-country patterns. Using World Bank data for the 20 countries in Latin America, clustering longitudinal data was performed, and mixed-effect models were fitted to quantify the heterogeneity. Three patterns of relationship were observed in Latin American countries: low TFR and intermediate FLFP, high TFR and high FLFP, and high TFR and low FLFP. The heterogeneity identified suggests the diversity of socio-economic and cultural factors influences the dynamics of the relation between FLFP and TFR in Latin America.

Evidence on the male marriage wage premium and cohabitation premium in Brazil

2023-08-09T10:16:25-03:00

The article aims to explore the correlation between marriage, cohabitation, and male labor income. It delves into the concept of the “male marriage wage premium” - a phenomenon where married men earn higher wages compared to single men in the labor market. Since consensual unions are prevalent in Brazil, the study also examines the cohabitation premium. The research employs linear regressions, quantile regression, and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions of earnings differentials between single, married, and cohabiting men to analyze the association between marital status and paid work among Brazilian men. The data utilized were from the 2010 Demographic Census. The results of the study validate the existence of marriage and cohabitation premia for Brazilian men. However, the observed premium tend to be lower for cohabitation than for marriage. The decompositions reveal that these differentials are due to wage structure and not composition effects.

Fertility intentions: a literature review on high-income countries and Brazil

2023-02-23T18:56:07-03:00

The literature on fertility intentions has gained increasing relevance in demographic studies because, as a close determinant of fertility, it helps understand the reproductive behavior of different populations. However, this literature has not yet been organized according to the main and most recurrent aspects covered. Studies generally use one single aspect of fertility intentions, whether through its concepts, main theories or main indicators. Therefore, the goal of this work is to organize and articulate the main and most recurrent aspects present in studies on fertility intentions. It begins by presenting the main concepts. Then, it discusses important theoretical approaches on the formation of fertility intentions, as well as its main determinants. Finally, it contextualizes fertility intentions (and their levels) in different scenarios. Throughout the discussion, for each topic presented, the paper delves deeper into the relationship between fertility intentions and observed fertility. Its first focus is on high-income countries covered in the literature on the subject. However, it also discusses middle-income countries with low fertility, focusing on Brazil, for which academic production, especially from a theoretical approach, is still incipient.

Shared socioeconomic pathways in Brazil: Scenarios for population dynamics and the challenges to adaptation and mitigation

2023-08-21T22:18:39-03:00

During the past decades, there were scientific advances to better comprehend climate change and population dynamics. One of the main ones was the inclusion of a set of scenarios in current generation of climate modelling, with population as its human core. These are the shared socioeconomic pathways that result in population projections constructed by multi-dimensional demography, with population disaggregated by, sex, age and educational attainment. Such projections incorporate relevant population heterogeneities to adaptation and are potentially more sensitive to capture changes in demographic dynamics. This paper addresses this discussion for Brazil, considering both theoretical and methodological aspects. We highlight some of the implications of SSPs approach to construct population projections at the subnational level, emphasizing the benefits this agenda could bring to the population and environment fields.

Migração, relações interseccionais e cuidados domésticos transnacionais

2023-11-15T17:15:47-03:00