Who takes care of the girl? Care provision and kinship structure in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20947/S0102-3098a0274Keywords:
Childcare, Latin America, Care policies, Kinship, ProjectionsAbstract
Fertility and mortality levels can define the size and structure of families. Family characteristics also determine caregiving relationships among its members, especially towards children. By using time-use surveys, fertility and mortality data from three Latin American countries with different demographic profiles (Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay), and variable two-sex kinship models, the care received by children was estimated considering their kinship structure. By 2020, women in the studies nations spend 2.4 times more time than men on childcare, with Mexican women devoting the most time to this activity. We estimated that the number of relatives will decrease over time, leading to a reduction in potential caregiving time due to the decreasing availability of young relatives and the aging of older caregivers. Given the changes in family structures and the feminization of caregiving work, there is a recognized need to implement care systems that provide comprehensive services and redistribute these activities among family members, the community, and the state.
Downloads
References
ALBUREZ-GUTIERREZ, D.; WILLIAMS, I.; CASWELL, H. Projections of human kinship for all countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 120, n. 52, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315722120
ALBUREZ-GUTIERREZ, D.; BARBAN, N.; CASWELL, H.; KOLK, M.; MARGOLIS, R.; SMITH-GREENAWAY, E.; SONG, X.; ZAGHENI, E. Kinship, demography, and inequality: review and key areas for future development. SocArXiv, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/fk7x9
ALBUREZ-GUTIERREZ, D.; MASON, C.; ZAGHENI, E. The «Sandwich generation» revisited: global demographic drivers of care time demands. Population and Development Review, v. 47, n. 4, p. 997-1023, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12436
ARIAS, C.; SOLIVEREZ, C.; BOZZI, N. El envejecimiento poblacional en América Latina. Revista EuroLatinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político, v. 1, n. 2, p. 11-23, 2020. https://doi.org/10.35305/rr.v1i2.18
ARRIAGADA, I. Transformaciones familiares y políticas de bienestar en América Latina. In: ARRIAGADA, I. (Coord.). Familias y políticas públicas en América Latina: una historia de desencuentros. Santiago de Chile: ONU, 2007. p. 125-152.
BARCELLOS, S. H.; CARVALHO, L. S.; LLERAS-MUNEY, A. Child gender and parental investments in India: are boys and girls treated differently? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, v. 6, n. 1, p. 157-189, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.6.1.157
BATTHYÁNY, K. Miradas latinoamericanas de cuidado. In: BATTHYÁNY, K. (Ed.). Miradas latinoamericanas a los cuidados. Buenos Aires: CLACSO; Ciudad de México: Siglo XXI Editores, 2020. p. 11-51.
BATTHYÁNY, K. Los tiempos del cuidado en Uruguay. In: BATTHYÁNY, K. (Ed.). Los tiempos del bienestar social: género, trabajo no remunerado y cuidados en Uruguay. Montevideo: INMUJERES-MIDES, 2015. p. 87-134.
BENVIN, E.; RIVERA, E.; TROMBEN, V. Propuesta de un indicador de bienestar multidimensional de uso del tiempo y condiciones de vida aplicado a Colombia, el Ecuador, México y el Uruguay. Revista CEPAL, v. 118, p. 121-145, 2016.
CARRASCO, C.; BORDERÍAS, C.; TORNS, T. El trabajo de cuidados: antecedentes históricos y debates actuales. In: CARRASCO, C.; BORDERÍAS, C.; TORNS, T. (Coord.). El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas. Madrid: Madrid Catarata, 2011. p. 13-96.
CASWELL, H. The formal demography of kinship IV: two-sex models and their approximations. Demographic Research, v. 47, p. 359-96, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2022.47.13
DEPARTAMENTO ADMINISTRATIVO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICAS. Encuesta Nacional sobre Uso del Tiempo (ENUT) 2020-2021. 2020. https://microdatos.dane.gov.co/index.php/catalog/729/get-microdata
DONEHOWER, G. Measuring the gendered economy: counting women’s work methodology. Counting Women’s Work, 2018. (CWW Working Paper, 4). Disponible en: https://www.countingwomenswork.org/s/CWW-WP4.pdf
DONEHOWER, G.; TOVAR, J.; URDINOLA, B. P. Time use differences and similarities between developed and emerging economies in the Americas. In: URDINOLA, B. P.; TOVAR, J. (Ed.). Time use and transfers in the Americas. Cham: Springer, 2019. p. 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11806-8_3
DUKHOVNOV, D.; ZAGHENI, E. Who takes care of whom in the United States? Time transfers by age and sex. Population and Development Review, v. 41, n. 2, p. 183-206, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00044.x
DURÁN, M. A. Demanda y oferta de cuidado para los niños. In: DURÁN, M. A. (Coord.). La riqueza invisible del trabajo. Valencia: Universitat de València, 2018. p. 309-338.
DURÁN, M. A. La división del trabajo: socialización y cuidado de niños. In: DURÁN, M. A. (Coord.). De puertas para dentro. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura - Instituto de la Mujer, 1988. p. 253-304.
ECHARRI, C. J. Hijo de mi hija: estructura familiar y salud infantil en México. Ciudad de México: El Colegio de México, 2003.
ESTEVE, A.; POHL, M.; BECCA, F.; FANG, H.; GALEANO, J.; GARCÍA-ROMÁN, J.; REHER, D.; TRIAS-PRATS, R.; TURU, A. A global perspective on household size and composition, 1970-2020. Genus, v. 80, n. 2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-024-00211-6
GALIAN, C.; RUBIO, M.; ESCAROZ, G.; ALEJANDRE, F. Los sistemas de cuidado y apoyo en América Latina y El Caribe: un marco para la acción de UNICEF. Panamá: UNICEF, 2023. https://www.unicef.org/lac/media/43746/file/Los%20sistemas%20de%20cuidado%20y%20apoyo%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20y%20el%20Caribe.pdf
GOODMAN, L. A.; KEYFITZ, N.; PULLUM, T. W. Family formation and the frequency of various kinship relationships. Theoretical Population Biology, v. 5, n. 1, p. 1-27, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(74)90049-5
HIRATA, H.; KERGOAT, D. Una nueva mirada a la división sexual del trabajo. In: MARUANI, M.; ROGERAT, C.; TORNS, T. (Coord.). Las nuevas fronteras de la desigualdad. Hombres y mujeres en el mercado de trabajo. Barcelona: Icaria, 1998. p. 139-158.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA Y GEOGRAFÍA. Encuesta Nacional para el Sistema de Cuidados (ENASIC) 2022. México, 2023. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enasic/2022
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA Y GEOGRAFÍA. Encuesta Nacional sobre Uso del Tiempo (ENUT) 2019. México, 2019. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enut/2019
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADÍSTICA. Encuesta sobre Uso del Tiempo 2016. Paraguay, 2016. https://www.ine.gov.py/microdatos/Encuesta-sobre-uso-del-tiempo.php
JIANG, S.; TULJAPURKAR, S.; CASWELL, H.; GUO, Z.; ZUO, W. How does the demographic transition affect kinship networks? Demographic Research, v. 48, p. 899-930, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2023.48.32
ONU - Organización de las Naciones Unidas. World Population Prospects 2022, online edition. 2022. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
ONU - Organización de las Naciones Unidas. World population ageing 2019: highlights. New York: ONU, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019. Disponible en: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3846855/files/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf
ONU MUJERES/CEPAL. Hacia la construcción de sistemas integrales de cuidados en América Latina y el Caribe: elementos para su implementación (LC/TS.2022/26). Santiago de Chile: ONU Mujeres, 2022. Disponible en: https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b72547a3-1822-4398-8e5f-ce67f5c35103/content
PACHECO, E. El trabajo de cuidados directo e indirecto, retos y posibilidades para su medición. In: BATTHYÁNY, K. (Ed.). Miradas latinoamericanas a los cuidados. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: CLACSO; Ciudad de México: Siglo XXI, 2020. p. 411-469.
PAILHÉ, A.; SOLAZ, A.; TANTURRI, M. L. The time cost of raising children in different fertility contexts: evidence from France and Italy. European Journal of Population, v. 35, n. 2, p. 223-261, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9470-8
ROBLES, A.; MARTES-CAMARGO, P.; RODRÍGUEZ-FRANCO, R. Who takes care of them? Provision of home-based care and kinship structure in Latin America. In: PAA 2024 ANNUAL MEETING. Proceedings […]. Columbus, OH: Population Association of America, 2024.
SCHULZ, F. Mothers', fathers' and siblings' housework time within family households. Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 83, n. 3, p. 803-819, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12762
TILLY, L. A.; SCOTT, J. W. Women in the family consumer economy. In: TILLY, L. (Coord.). Women, work, and family. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978. p. 176-212.
TURRA, C. M.; FERNANDES, F. La transición demográfica: oportunidades y desafíos en la senda hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe. Documentos de Proyectos (LC/TS.2020/105). Santiago de Chile: ONU, 2021. Disponible en: https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3f7b0487-2d48-453f-a083-e7d3278da358/content
VERDERY, A. M. Links between demographic and kinship transitions. Population and Development Review, v. 41, n. 3, p. 465-484, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00068.x
WILLIAMS, I.; ALBUREZ-GUTIERREZ, D.; SONG, X.; CASWELL, H. DemoKin: estimate population Kin distribution. R package version 1.0.3, 2023. Disponible en: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DemoKin/DemoKin.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian Journal of Population Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Papers published in Rebep are original and protected under the Creative Commons attribution-type license (CC-BY). This license allows you to reuse publications in whole or in part for any purpose, free of charge, even for commercial purposes. Any person or institution can copy, distribute or reuse the content, as long as the author and the original source are properly mentioned.
