El sexo del niño y la estructura del hogar en Brasil: ¿preferencias de padres y abuelas?

Autores/as

  • Sarah Anne Reynolds University of California, Berkelely

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20947/s102-3098a0069

Palabras clave:

Sesgo de género, Composicion del hogar, Abuelas, Brasil

Resumen

Brasil tiene una alta tasa de madres viviendo solas con sus hijos y una alta tasa de corresidencia intergeneracional, con presencia de padres y abuelos. Estos dos tipos de organizaciones familiares podrían influir en el bienestar de los niños. Aunque no hay evidencia en Brasil de preferencias de en aborto selectivo con base en el género, es posible que estas preferencias se presenten de manera más sutil. En este estudio se analiza si la estructura del hogar (corresidencia con el padre, corresidencia con la abuela y el nacimiento de los siguientes hijos) en Brasil está asociada con el sexo del niño. Usando una encuesta nacionalmente representativa y considerando el sexo del primer y segundo hijo como variables exógenas se hicieron regresiones OLS. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres con hijas en menor orden de nacimiento son más propensas a ser solteras. Además se encuentra evidencia sugerente de que las abuelas maternas son más propensas a vivir con nietas que con nietos, lo que puede compensar la pérdida económica por la falta del padre de los hijos en el domicilio. Las mujeres con hijas en menor orden de nacimientos son más propensas a tener hijos adicionales, lo que sugiere la preferencia por el hijo varón. Si bien la literatura previa a este estudio se enfoca sobre la presencia del padre en el hogar, el presente trabajo incluye a la abuela para aumentar la perspectiva femenina. Estos datos contribuyen a la literatura en relación con la preferencia por el sexo de los hijos que se concentra en el análisi de la figura masculina (padres).

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Sarah Anne Reynolds, University of California, Berkelely

I am a development economist whose work has focused on family dynamics, often in non-nuclear families and their relation to child welfare.

Citas

AMATO, P. R. The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 62, n. 4, p. 1269-87, 2000. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x.

AMATO, P. R.; GILBRETH, J. G. Nonresident fathers and children’s well-being: a meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 61, n. 3, p. 557-73, 1999. Available in: https://doi.org/10.2307/353560.

ANGRIST, J. D.; EVANS, W. N. Children and their parents’ labor supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size. The American Economic Review, v. 88, n. 93, p. 450-77, 1998.

AQUILINO, W. S. The life course of children born to unmarried mothers: childhood living arrangements and young adult outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, v. 58, n. 2, p. 293-310, 1996.

AYLLÓN, S.; FERREIRA-BATISTA, N. N. “Mommy, i miss daddy”. The effect of family structure on children’s health in Brazil. Economics & Human Biology, v. 19 (C), p. 75-89, 2015. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2015.08.001.

BRAVER, S. L.; GRIFFIN, W. A.; COOKSTON, J. T. Prevention programs for divorced nonresident fathers. Family Court Review, v. 43, n. 1, p. 81-96, 2005. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2005.00009.x.

CATALANO, R.; BRUCKNER, T.; ANDERSON, E.; GOULD, J. B. Fetal death sex ratios: a test of the economic stress hypothesis. International Journal of Epidemiology, v. 34, n. 4, p. 944-48, 2005. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi081.

CHIAVEGATTO FILHO, A. D. P.; KAWACHI, I. Are sex-selective abortions a characteristic of every poor region? Evidence from Brazil. International Journal of Public Health, v. 58, n. 3, p. 395-400, 2013. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0421-6.

DAHL, G. B.; MORETTI, E. The demand for sons. The Review of Economic Studies, v. 75, n. 4, p. 1085-1120, 2008.

DELEIRE, T.; KALIL, A. Good things come in threes: single-parent multigenerational family structure and adolescent adjustment. Demography, v. 39, n. 2, p. 393-413, 2002. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0016.

DUFLO, E. Grandmothers and granddaughters: old-age pensions and intrahousehold allocation in South Africa. World Bank Economic Review, v. 17, n. 1, p. 1-25, 2003. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg013.

DUNIFON, R.; KOWALESKI-JONES, L. The influence of grandparents in single-mother families. Journal of Marriage and Family, v. 69, n. 2, p. 465-81, 2007.

EMERSON, P. M.; SOUZA, A. P. Child labor, school attendance,

and intrahousehold gender bias in Brazil. The World Bank Economic Review, v. 21, n. 2, p. 301-316, 2007.

FILMER, D.; FRIEDMAN, J.; SCHADY, N. Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions. The World Bank, September 2008. (Policy Research Working Paper, 4716). Available in: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6995.

HAMOUDI, A.; NOBLES, J. Do daughters really cause divorce? Stress, pregnancy, and family composition. Demography, v. 51, n. 4, p. 1423-49, 2014. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0305-x.

HANK, K.; KOHLER, H-P. Gender preferences for children in Europe: empirical results from 17 FFS countries. Demographic Research, v. 2, n. 1, p. 133-144, 2000.

JENSEN, R. T. Equal treatment, unequal outcomes? Generating sex inequality through fertility behavior. Harvard University, 2003 (Working Paper). Available in: http://idfresearch.org/pdf/wp0303.pdf.

JHA, P. et al. Trends in selective abortions of girls in India: analysis of nationally representative birth histories from 1990 to 2005 and census data from 1991 to 2011. The Lancet, v. 377, n. 9781, p. 1921-1928, 2011.

LEE, D. S. Training, wages, and sample selection: estimating sharp bounds on treatment effects. The Review of Economic Studies, v. 76, n. 3, p. 1071-1102, 2009.

LEE, G. R.; DWYER, J. W.; COWARD, R. T. Gender differences in parent care: demographic factors and same-gender preferences. Journal of Gerontology, v. 48, n. 1, p. S9-16, 1993. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.1.S9.

LUNDBERG, S. Sons, daughters, and parental behavior. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, v. 21, n. 3, p. 340-56, 2005. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gri020.

MAIA, A. G.; SAKAMOTO, C. S. The impacts of rapid demographic transition on family structure and income inequality in Brazil, 1981–2011. Population Studies, v. 70, n. 3, p. 293-309, 2016. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2016.1201588.

MARTELETO, L. J.; NOONAN, M. C. Grandmothers as childcare providers in Brazil. In: THE ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. Proceedings… Chicago: PAA, 1998. Available in: http://myweb.uiowa.edu/noona/grandpaper.pdf.

MCLANAHAN, S.; TACH, L.; SCHNEIDER, D. The causal effects of father absence. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 39, p. 399-427, 2013. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevsoc-071312-145704.

MELO, N. C. V. de et al. Household arrangements of elderly persons in Brazil: analyses based on the National Household Survey Sample (2009). Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, v. 19, n. 1, p. 139-51, 2016. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-9823.2016.15011.

MUTCHLER, J. E.; BAKER, L. A. The implications of grandparent coresidence for economic hardship among children in mother-only families. Journal of Family Issues, v. 30, n. 11, p. 1576-97, 2009. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X09340527.

NORBERG, K. Partnership status and the human sex ratio at birth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, v. 271, n. 1555, p. 2403-2410.

PONCZEK, V. Income and bargaining effects on education and health in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, v. 94, n. 2, p. 242-53, 2011. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.011.

PRICE, J. Parent-child quality time does birth order matter? Journal of Human Resources, v. 43, n. 1, p. 240-65, 2008.

RENDALL, M. Structural change in developing countries: has it decreased gender inequality? World Development, v. 45, p. 1-16, May 2013. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005.

SARKADI, A.; KRISTIANSSON, R.; OBERKLAID, F.; BREMBERG, S. Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Pædiatrica, v. 97, n. 2, p. 153-58, 2008. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x.

SCHADY, N. Early childhood development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The World Bank, 2006 (Policy Research Working Paper Series, 3869). Available in: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/3869.html.

SELTZER, J. A. Relationships between Fathers and children who live apart: the father’s role after separation. Journal of marriage and Family, v. 53, n. 1, p. 79-101, 1991. Available in: https://doi.org/10.2307/353135.

TAUCHMANN, H. Lee’s treatment effect bounds for non-random sample selection-an implementation in Stata. Technische Universität Dortmund, 2013 (Discussion paper, 35/13). Available in: https://eldorado.tu-dortmund.de/handle/2003/30828.

THOMAS, D.Like father, like son; like mother, like daughter: parental resources and child height. The Journal of Human Resources, v. 29, n. 4, p. 950-88, 1994.

THOMSON, E.; HANSON, T. L.; MCLANAHAN, S. S. Family structure and child well-being: economic resources vs. parental behaviors. Social Forces, v. 73, n. 1, p. 221-42, 1994. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.1.221.

TRIVERS, R. L.; WILLARD, D. E. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, v. 179, n. 4068, p. 90-92, 1973.

WHEELOCK, J.; OUGHTON, E.; BAINES, S. Getting by with a little help from your family: toward a policy-relevant model of the household. Feminist Economics, v. 9, n. 1, p. 19-45, 2003.

WILSON, M. N. Child development in the context of the black extended family. American Psychologist, v. 44, n. 2, p. 380-85, 1989. Available in: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.380.

ZHU, W. X.; LU, L.; HESKETH, T. China’s excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 National Intercensus Survey. British Medical Journal, n. 338, 2009. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1211.

Descargas

Publicado

2019-03-29

Cómo citar

Reynolds, S. A. (2019). El sexo del niño y la estructura del hogar en Brasil: ¿preferencias de padres y abuelas?. Revista Brasileira De Estudos De População, 35(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.20947/s102-3098a0069

Número

Vol. 35 Núm. 1 (2018)

Sección

Artigos originais

Licencia

Los artículos publicados en Rebep son originales y están protegidos bajo la licencia de tipo atribución Creative Commons (CC-BY). Esta licencia le permite reutilizar las publicaciones en su totalidad o en parte para cualquier propósito, de forma gratuita, incluso con fines comerciales. Cualquier persona o institución puede copiar, distribuir o reutilizar el contenido, siempre que se mencione debidamente el autor y la fuente original.